Pipeline survey instrument



July ZO, 1965 w. G. GREEN ETAL l 3,195,236 v PIPELINE SURVEY INSTRUMENT v Original Filed Sept. l2, 1956 f 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 July 20, 1965 w. G. GREEN ETAL 3,195,236

PIPELINE 'SURVEY INSTRUMENT Original. Filed Sept. 12. 1956 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 5. wA'renAAcm /4 ce* I ML l *one mel-F1, Mu.:

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w/L/AM s. .GREEN a By DALE M. MOODY United States Patent O M 3,195,236 PIPELINE SURVEY INSTRUMENT William G. Green and Dale M. Moody, Tulsa, Okla.,

assignors, by mesne assignments, to Aquatron Engineering Corp., St. Petersburg, Fla., a corporation of Florida Original application Sept. 12, 1956, Ser. No. 609,462, now

Patent No. 3,064,127, dated Nov. 13, 1962. Divided and this application Nov. 13, 1962, Ser. No. 247,778

2 Claims. (Cl. 33-141) This patent application is a divisional application of a parent application, Serial No. 609,462, tiled Sept. 12, 1956, by William G. Green, et al., entitled Pipe Line Survey Instrument, now Patent Number 3,064,127, issued Nov. 13, 1962. v

This invention relates generally to devices for the examination of an underground pipeline for determining its condition, and more specifically to an instrument for travelling through the interior =of a pipeline to accomplish this examination.

An object of this invention is to provide an enclosed instrument which is capable of travelling through the interior of a pipeline for the multiple purpose :of determining external and internal flaws in the walls of the pipe, scale in the pipe, water traps, and the presence of electrical currents along the pipe and `to accurately locate the distance along the pipeline that such defects occur for purposes hereinafter explained.

A principal object is to provide an instrument of the type described which will accurately chart the location of Vthe conditions enumerated above for subsequent correction.

A still further object of this invention is to provide an enclosed instrument which will both determine and locate the presence of double pipe and pipe joints for information and correlation purposes.

And another object is to provide a chart of all of the enumerated observations on a uniform scale for immediate and future reference, so that deterioration `of the pipe may be checked from year to year at locations accurately charted.

A further object is -to provide an easy and relatively economical means of checking and locating defects in pipeline at river crossings and other inaccessible places.

These and other `objects will be apparent from an eX- amination of the following specication and drawing in which:

FIG. 1 represents a cross sectional View of the travelling pipeline instrument or pig yof this invention in a typical installation position within the pipeline.

FIG. 2 is a cross sectional View taken along the lines 2 2 of FIG. l and showing the method and apparatus for picking up signals if electricity is owing along the outside of the pipe.

FIG. 3 is a schematic presentation of the theoretical analysis of the operation of the device shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a rear end view of a modified distance measuring device showing its operational installation in the pipeline.

FIG. 5 is a fragmentary cross sectional View take along Athe lines 5 5 of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic presentation of one form ofl recording chart which is employed to display and locate 3,195,236 Patented July 20, 1965 the various determinations made by the individual instrumentalities of this travelling pipeline instrument.

FIG. 7 is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the front end section of the instrument showing a modified embodiment of this invention.

At the present time there are more than 100,000 miles of pipeline placed underground for the purpose of transporting petroleum or gas products. The material of these pipelines is predominantly steel and therefore subject to corrosion and deterioration which will eventually cause leaks resulting in financial losses and dangerous conditions which imperil both life and property. As a result, it is necessary to maintain constant vigilance throughout the entire length of the pipeline to detect at the earliest possible moment the start of any conditions which would weaken the pipe and cause ultimate leaks.

The size of pipe employed may vary from 2 inches to 36 inches or more in diameter so when the pipeline is laid, it is usually buried several feet below the earths surface to prevent its being damaged by lor interfering with surface activities, such as agriculture, tratlic, etc.

However the buried pipe immediately becomes subject to other serious hazards such as chemical action, electrolysis, corrosion, and precipitation of solids on the inside of the pipe.

Operators of pipelines have developed scrapping devices known as pigs which are forced through the line in piston-type action by the pressure of the iluid in the pipe which may be as great as 1,000 pounds per square inch. By this action, the pig may be made to cut or scrape any unwanted accumulations, such as paratin, asphalt, sludge, and the like, from the inside walls of the pipe. This device however cannot anticipate or detect leaks in the pipeline.

Leaks develop under conditions favorable lto electrolysis or electro-chemical action, in which the pipe unites with a particular section of the earth, containing chemicals and moisture in the proper relationship, to form a local battery or hot spot which causes current to flow along the pipe which acts as a conductor for an indenite distance until the current returns to the earth. Under such conditions, the steel is eaten away by the electrochemical action at the points where current enters and leaves the pipe. Under the most serious conditions a pipe may develop leaks from these causes in a matter of months, or, under less serious conditions, in a year or two, the whole outer surface of the pipe may be gradually removed by the electro-chemical action to the point that not enough steel remains to withstand the pressure normally used. The operator must then reduce the pressure which obviously reduces the quantity of fluid transported and consequently the 4income derived.

Because of the above, it has become customary for pipelines companies to go to considerable eiTort and expense to attempt to protect their lines. Elaborate cleaning and coating practices have developed which are expensive and in many cases impermanent. Electric surveys can be made by surface crews to determine where electric currents are flowing, but the expense and the shortage of trained personnel have forced most operators to make only spot checks in the areas where leaks already occur, and by this time irreparable damage has already occurred.

Another source of trouble is the condensation of water in tanks, or in the pipe itself, which settles in low areas in the line and absorbs some of the chemicals from the oil lor 'gas to form undesirable compounds, such as sul- 3 phuric acid. Almost all petroleum is produced with traces of salt water (NaCl-l-HZO) with which, under certain conditions the chlorine recombines to form hydrochloric acid (HCl). These and other acids and alkalis produce local internal corrosion.

None of these difficulties may be observed, unaided, after the pipeline is put into service. When electrical survey crews locate a serious amount of current flow (100 MA or more), usually found by testing in an area adjacent to an established leak, then magnesium anodes or cathodes and rectifiers may be installed to correct the trouble and preserve the pipe indefinitely. However, most electrical surveys are made in dry weather and show no hot spots, but after a rain, or agricultural treatment of the land, such as irrigating or fertilizing, these hot spots are likely to appear.

The causes leading to pipeline leaks may then be summarized as external corrosion due to electrolysis or chemical action, and internal corrosion due to water and chemicals. Since current flowing along the pipe is responsible for all the electrochemical corrosion, and since this current can be neutralized by anodes, and the like, it is essential to learn .of its existence as soon as possible.

Referring now more particularly to the characters of reference on the drawing, in FIG. l, the travelling instrument or pipeline survey pig 2 (somewhat similar in general appearance but not in operation to a pipeline scraping pig) is shown installed in an underground pipeline 3 and this instrument is adapted to move in the direction of the arrow under the urging of pipeline fluid pressure against the rubber (or other resilient material) sealing flanges 4 at each end of capsule 5 which forms the external housing of instrument chamber 6. The preferred material of capsule 5 is non-magnetic stainless steel.

The instrumentalities carried on capsule 5 (both inside, extending through, and outside thereof) include a radiation anaysis assembly 7 for determining cavities in the pipe Wall, and determining where the pipeline has extra wall thickness such as external sleeves, fittings, etc., a caliper assembly 8 for measuring the inside diameter of the pipe 3, a water detection assembly 9, an electric current determining assembly 10, a recording assembly 11 to display the information obtained by the above assemblies regarding the danger areas, and attached to the rear end of capsule 5 is a distance measuring wheel assembly 12 by which the recording assembly 11 may display the information obtained relative to the distance travelled by the sealed instrument for accurate location of the danger areas.

Examining each of the above instrumentalities in detail, the radiation analysis assembly indicated generally at 7 includes a signal transmitter such as source 13 of gamma (or other penetrating) rays installed in a suitable housing 14 which will permit circumferential radiation of the radio-active rays indicated at 15 in a direction to impinge on pipe 3. A cover, such as set screw 16 is then threaded into housing 14 to retain source 13 in place. Some of the rays 15A are reiiected to or secondary rays excited thereby impinge upon a signal receiver such as scintillation crystals 16 spaced around the circumference of chamber 6 at the forward end of capsule 5. A photo` cell (or photo multiplier tube) 17 is spaced behind each scintillation crystal 16 and the output of each photocell 17 is connected to a biased amplifier 19 which has its output connected to a galvanometer coil 20. A small light source 21 reflects light from a mirror 22 attached to each coil onto a moving film 23 driven by sprocket 24 which in turn is driven by worm gear 25 and pinion 26 which is power driven from the distance measuring wheel assembly 12 through driving output shaft 28 which contains the pinion 26. In a modified embodiment the recording film 23 may be powered by a clock mechanism indicated at 27. The trace 29 which is recorded on film 23 by the reflection of light source 21 from mirror 22 is a steady straight line (see FIG. 6) until one of the individual amplifiers 18 receives a signal which is above the bias level of amplifier 19, in which case the amplifier 19 would excite coil 20 sufficiently to move mirror 22 and cause a series of pips 30 to appear in trace 29. The above threshold signal which would insert pips 30 is caused by a reduced wall thickness of pipe 3, and this reduction could be caused by an internal 31 or external cavity 32 which are identifiable when viewed together with trace 39 of a later described assembly.

The biased amplifiers above also include an upper threshold value which feeds a signal to its galvanometer coil 20 only when the radiation received by detector crystals 16 is greater than the full wall thickness of pipe 3 would return. This signal indicates the presence of an external sleeve of pipeline guard or a fitting of some type and shows up as a relatively steady and longer dip 34 on trace 33 made by reflection of the mirror 22' of coil 20.

To measure the inside diameter (LD.) of pipe 3, caliper assembly 8 is installed just to the rear of radiation assembly 7, and includes a series of circumferentially located spring steel cantilever arms 35 which are pressed outward against the I.D. of pipe whereupon they normally ride until one arm 35 comes in contact with an internal cavity 31 which would permit arm 35' to expand and consequently move potentiometer arm 36 which is directly attached to potentiometer 37, the movement of which potentiometer arm 36 causes a signal to be sent to its corresponding galvanometer coil 20" to impose a series of pips 38 on it normally straight trace 39 on film 23.

The next subsequent rearwardly located assembly is water detection assembly 9 which employs the same basic physics principle that is present when current is passed through an electrolytic bath. Two external electrical conductor rings 40 and 40A are located in insulated rings 41 and 41A at spaced intervals on the circumference of capsule 5. One of the conductor rings 40A may be considered to be the anode and the other ring 40 to be the cathode, and both are inserted in the bath 42 which is the fluid which is present in the pipeline. If the bath is entirely oil, the current from a circuit connected t0 the rings will not flow through the oil to any great extent; however, if salt water is present, and virtually all water occurring around petroleum activities is salt water, then the current will materially increase through this electrolyte. This variation in electrical current thru the rings 40 and 40A will be sent to its galvanometer coil 20" which refiects this condition of the presence of water by a dip 44 in the water trace 45 of film 23.

The final instrumentality assembly 10 of travelling instrument 2 is installed for the purpose of detecting the presence of electrical currents in the pipe 3. In FIG. 1 it will be seen that this assembly consists basically of a series of pole pieces 47 which extend outward in the manner of spokes from a hub area 48, having an armature 49 therein. The pole pieces 47 include a recess 50 into which a sliding magnetic material pipe follower 51 is inserted against the pressure of spring 52. By this construction there will always be metal to metal contact to insure sufficient pick up of the relatively weak magnetic flux due to the small amounts of currents flowing in the pipe. This flux indicated at 53 will flow from north pole pieces 47N to south pole pieces 47S and in so doing will pass through hub area 48 and create a magnetic field therein. Now armature 49 also occupies this area 48 and when rotated by motor 54 will cut the lines of magnetic force and create an electrical current proportionate to the strength of the field, which thus provides a new application of the generator theory. By installing brushes 55 on the armature commutator 56, an electrical signal may be transmitted through lines 57 to amplifier 58 and subsequently to its galvanometer coil 20 and onto film 23 as trace 59 by an action previously described. This trace 59 will be steady and continuous until an electric current enters pipe 3, at which time a dip 60 will appear and will continue until the current leaves pipe 3. The phenomena which makes the operation of assembly possible is shown theoretically in steps A-D of FIG. 3. FIG. 3-A shows a single wire 61 in which current is flowing in a direction shown by the symbol (into the paper), and by virtue of the right-hand rule the path of flux 53 is in the direction of the arrow. yNow if two such wires 61 and 61' are placed close together, the flux path will completely encircle both since the clockwise movement of the flux of wire 61 would be opposed or neutralized by the clockwise path of the flux of wire 61. Similarly, if the wires are replaced by a bar 62 and several currents are passed therethrough, the flux path 53 will then encircle the entire bar. In FIG. 3-D it will be seen that if a magnetic material conductor 47 is inserted into the flux path 53, that the path will be partially by-passed or short-circuited through the conductor (pole piece) 47 and will create a magnetic field across an open area such as 48' which interrupts its normal path. Now if an armature such as 49 is rotated in this field, it will naturally cut lines of force in the field and will consequently generate electric current proportionate to the number of lines of force thus cut.

At the extreme rear end of capsule 5, a distance measuring assembly 12 is located, as shown in FIG. l. This assembly includes two vertically spaced wheels 63 which are spring loaded by the action of compression spring 64 acting between levers 65 to insure that rolling contact will be made between the wheels 63 and the interior of pipe 3. An accurate measurement of distance will then be made through bevel gear and pinion set 66 to drive flexible shaft 67 |which extends through the rear wall of capsule 5 to connection with shaft 28 which ultimately drives film chart 23 in such a manner that its lower coordinate is distance. Levers 65 are hinged to the rear of capsule 5 `by pin 68 and wheels 63 rotate on shafts 69 which are supported by the levers 65.

The embodiment 12A of the rear wheel drive assembly is seen in FIGS. 4 and 5 to employ large diameter wheels 63A and 63B which are supported from a yoke 65A which .is hinged to capsule 5 by pin 68A. Wheels 63B are journalled to round shafts 69B which have square ends 70 to engage yoke 65A and their inner ends 70' are cut in half as shown in FIG. 5. Center wheel 63A is journalled to a similar shaft 69A which have similar cut away square ends 70A' to permit insertion of a compression spring 71 to insure wheel contact with the interior of pipe 3. Due to the extra ylarge diameter of these wheels it may be desirable to contour their circumference as at 72 to fit the interior circumference of the pipe `walls. A gear and pinion set 66A is employed to rotate ilexible shaft 67 in the same manner as the embodiment of FIG. l. The reference numerals in this paragraph that have a letter designation correspond structurally to the same reference numerals discussed with reference to the distance measuring means of FIG. 1.

By examination of chart 23 of recording assembly 11 which is shown in detail in FIG. 6, virtually all of the information regarding the structural condition of a pipeline may be obtained. The trace 29 indicates and locates the presence of any cavities (mainly caused by corrosion) in the wall of pipe 3. This trace 29 does not of itself indicate whether the cavity is on the outside or inside of the pipe; however, trace 39 is activated by the caliper assembly 8 so that its pip 38 identify the inside diameter signals. Obvoiusly then the difference of pips 30 on trace 29, not shown on trace 39 represents an outside diameter condition. The trace 45 has a pronounced dip 44 to indicate presence of water in the pipes which can and often does occur inside a pipe line at low or trapped points in the line. Trace 33 will contain a relatively long dip 34 when instrument 2 travels under sleeve 68 as when the pipeline crosses `a road. And the electric current trace 59 will include both long and short duration dips 60 as instrument 2 travels through areas in which ground generated electricity plays on the pipe. The continuous roll film chart 23 may be calibrated for any desired ordinate spacing (the mile indication on FIG. 6) and the ratio of gears 25-26 and 65-66 may be varied accordingly.

The rear wheel assembly 12 may through its flexible shaft 67 be made to rotate a photographic film 75 (FIG. 7) from a continuous roll 76 past windows 77 made in lead sheets 78 so that film 75 will be exposed in proportion to the amount of radiation received due to the Curie effect. This phenomena is the proportionate exposure that radioactively produces on a photographic film. Bevel gear and pinion set 79 are made to rotate film receiver roll 80 in proportion to the rotation of wheels 63 of rear drive assembly 12. The film 75 will then be able to indicate the presence of cavities in pipe wall 3 and due to the drive arrangement will be able to accurately establish their location along the pipeline.

In order to accurately check the distance of travel of instrument 2 through the pipe 3 against known distance along the survey line, a relatively strong radio-active source is located at known distance intervals and between the surface of the ground and pipeline 3. As the instrument 2 passes this point scintillation crystals 16 will be activated by rays 86 and will send a strong signal to galvanometer 20' and the resultant pip on chart 23 will clearly identify the location of this source 85, so that it in effect becomes an easily identifiable reference point.

Each of the above conditions, such as inside or outside cavities, the presence of water in the pipe, or the presence of electrical currents on the pipe, are either actual deterioration or potentially dangerous conditions and the place of existence of either is identified in this specification as a danger area.

From the foregoing description it will be readily seen that there has been produced a device which substantially fulfills the objects of the invention as set forth herein. The invention is not limited to the exemplary constructions herein shown and described, but may be made in many ways within the scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

1. A distance measuring device for a pipeline survey instrument comprising: pivot means supported from said instrument, levers pivoted to said pivot means, shafts extending from said levers, wheels journalled relative to said shafts and adapted to rotate in opposite directions when engaging opposed walls of said pipeline, said wheels and levers forming two wheel lever units, spring means between said wheel lever units for urging said wheels into contact engagement with said opposed walls, drive means fixed to at least one of said wheels, driven means engaging said drive means, recording means in said instrument for displaying the distance travelled by said instrument, flexible means between said driven means and said recording means for rotating said recording means at a speed proportional to the wheel speed to display the distance of travel of said instrument.

2. A distance measuring device for a pipeline survey instrument comprising: pivot means -supported from said instrument, a lever pivoted in said pivot means, shafts extending from said lever, wheels journalled to said shafts and adapted to rotate in opposite directions when engaging opposed walls of said pipeline, spring means between said shafts for urging said wheels into contact engagement with said opposed walls, drive means fixed to at least one of sa-id wheels, driven means engaging said drive means, a flexible shaft in operative relation to said driven means, recording means in said instrument for displaying the distance travelled by said instrument when rotated, drive means in operative engagement with said flexible shaft to rotate said recording means at a speed proportionate to said wheel speed to display the distance of travel of said instrument, said 7 8 opposed wheels being relatively large in diameter and 2,514,355 7/ 50 Barnes 33-170 being so positioned that the outlines of their adjacent cir- 2,527,170 10/ 50 Williams. cumferential overlap in operation. 2,834,113 5/58 Dean et al 33-141.5

References Cited by the Examiner 5 FOREIGN PATENTS UNITED STATES PATENTS 938991 2/56 Germany' 1,924,071 8/ 33 Laudermilk E13-205.5 ISAAC LISANN, Primary Examiner. 

1. A DISTANCE MEASURING DEVICE FOR A PIPELINE SURVEY INSTRUMENT COMPRISING: PIVOT MEANS SUPPORTED FROM SAID INSTRUMENT, LEVERS PIVOTED TO SAID PIVOT MEANS, SHAFTS EXTENDING FROM SAID LEVERS, WHEELS JOURNALLED RELATIVE TO SAID SHAFTS AND ADAPTED TO ROTATE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS WHEN ENGAGING OPPOSED WALLS OF SAID PIPELINE, SAID WHEELS AND LEVERS FORMING TWO WHEEL LEVER UNITS, SPRING MEANS BETWEEN SAID WHEEL LEVER UNITS FOR URGING SAID WHEELS INTO CONTACT ENGAGEMENT WITH SAID OPPOSED WALLS, DRIVE MEANS FIXED TO AT LEAST ONE OF SAID WHEELS, DRIVEN MEANS ENGAGING SAID DRIVE MEANS, RECORDING MEANS IN SAID INSTRUMENT FOR DISPLAYING THE DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY SAID INSTRUMENT, FLEXIBLE MEANS BETWEEN SAID DRIVEN MEANS AND SAID RECORDING MEANS FOR ROTATING SAID RECODING MEANS AT A SPEED PROPORTIONAL TO THE WHEEL SPEED TO DISPLAY THE DISTANCE OF TRAVEL OF SAID INSTRUMENT. 